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James Lind Library
Illustrating the development of fair tests of treatments through history
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Menten ML, Macdonald RR, Brönykovsky N (1940)
Treatment of pneumonia by sulfapyridine and by hydroxyethylapocupreine dihydrochloride. American Journal of Diseases of Children 59:497-508.
Key passage(s)
RELEVANT TOPICS
Allocation bias
Key articles
Loudon I (2002).
The use of historical controls and concurrent controls to assess the effects of sulphonamides, 1936-1945.
All topics
Individual patient data
Pre-clinical
Fair tests of treatments
The need to address treatment uncertainties
Principles of Testing
Treatment comparisons are essential
Dramatic effects
Placebo effects
Treatment comparisons must be fair
Biases
Design bias
Allocation bias
N-of-1 crossover
Cluster allocation
Crossover tests
Factorial design
Co-intervention bias
Observer bias
Double dummy
Analysis bias
Biases in judging unanticipated possible effects
Reporting bias
Biases in systematic reviews
Researcher/sponsor bias and fraud
The play of chance
Recording and interpreting numbers
Quantifying uncertainty
Using meta-analysis
Bringing it all together for the benefit of patients and the public
Improving reports of research
Preparing and maintaining systematic reviews
Using the results of research
